Which of the following describes a 'plagiosere'?

A 'plagiosere' refers to a plant succession that is significantly influenced by human activities. This term is used to describe situations where human actions, such as agriculture, logging, or urban development, interrupt or change the natural ecological succession. The result is a modified ecological path that diverges from what would occur naturally in the absence of such influences.

In contrast, a primary succession involves a series of biological changes on previously uncolonized land, which may not necessarily include human influence. Similarly, a closed ecosystem and a natural ecological progression without human interference would not fit the definition of a plagiosere since they denote systems with minimal human impact or alterations.

Understanding plagioseres highlights the intersection between human societies and natural environments, emphasizing how human interventions can create unique ecological dynamics that differ from natural succession processes.