Which factor has the least impact on the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth's surface?

The correct choice is based on the understanding of how solar energy interacts with the Earth's atmosphere and surface. The distance from the sun does have an effect on the total amount of solar energy the Earth receives, but this effect is relatively constant and has a minimal impact on daily variations in solar energy absorption at the surface compared to other factors.

The albedo effect significantly influences how much solar energy is absorbed versus reflected back into space. Different surfaces (e.g., ice, grass, asphalt) have varying albedo values, determining how much sunlight is absorbed or reflected. Atmospheric absorption also plays a considerable role, as certain gases and particles can absorb and scatter solar energy before it reaches the surface, significantly affecting the energy that is ultimately available for absorption by the Earth's surface. The surface type, whether land or water, further influences energy absorption since these surfaces have different heat capacities and reflectivity.

In summary, while the distance from the sun is a fundamental aspect of solar energy, it remains relatively stable compared to the more variable impacts of albedo, atmospheric conditions, and surface characteristics on the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth's surface.