What is essential for living species and ecosystems to maintain productivity?

The maintenance of productivity in living species and ecosystems fundamentally relies on solar energy and nutrient recycling. Solar energy acts as the primary driver of photosynthesis, which is crucial for the growth of plants, the foundation of most food chains. Plants convert sunlight into chemical energy, which then provides energy for herbivores and, subsequently, carnivores within the ecosystem. This energy flow is vital for maintaining the productivity and health of various ecosystems.

Additionally, nutrient recycling is equally important as it ensures the continuous availability of essential nutrients (like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) that are required for the growth and reproduction of living organisms. Decomposers play a significant role in this process by breaking down dead organic matter and returning nutrients to the soil, making them accessible for plants once again. This cycle sustains productivity over time, allowing ecosystems to thrive.

In contrast, artificial energy sources, while they may support human agricultural systems or technology, are not sustainable for maintaining natural ecosystems in the long term. Intensive agriculture can lead to soil degradation and loss of biodiversity, and urbanization tends to disrupt natural habitats and ecological processes. Therefore, solar energy and nutrient recycling are vital for sustaining both the productivity of individual species and the overall health of ecosystems.